The animal Sumatran Rhinos

 Sumatran Rhinos

Sumatran rhinoceros, also known as rhino-haired rhinoceros or Rhino rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis), are a rare species of the Rhinocerotidae family and belong to one of the five extinct species of rhinoceros. The Sumatran rhino is the only preserved species of the genus Dicerorhinus. This rhinoceros is the smallest rhinoceros, though still belonging to a large mammal. Height 112-145 cm to shoulder, with total body length and head 2.36-3.18 m, and tail length 35-70 cm. The reported weight ranges from 500 to 1,000 kg, with an average of 700-800 kg, although there is a record of a specimen weighing 2,000 kg. As with African rhinoceros species, Sumatran rhino has two horns; the larger is the nasal horn, usually 15-25 cm, while the other horn is usually shaped like a base. Most of the bodies of Sumatran rhinos are covered with reddish brown hair.
This species once inhabited rain forests, swamps and mountain forests in India, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, and China. Historically, the Sumatran rhinos lived in the southwestern part of China, especially in Sichuan. They are now threatened with extinction, with only six large populations in the wild: four in Sumatra, one in Borneo, and one in Peninsular Malaysia. Sumatran rhino numbers are difficult to determine because they are widely dispersed animals, but it can be estimated that there are less than 100 individuals. There are doubts about the survival of the population in Peninsular Malaysia, and one of the populations in Sumatra may already be extinct. Their current number is probably only 80 tails. In 2015, researchers announced that the east Sumatran rhino in northern Borneo (Sabah, Malaysia) has become extinct.
In most of its lifetime, the Sumatran rhinoceros is an aloof animal, except during the mating period and maintains offspring. They are the most vocal rhinoceros species and also communicate by marking the ground with their feet, twisting a small tree to form a pattern, and leaving behind its droppings. This species is much better to learn than the same closed Javan Rhino, in part because of a program that brings 40 Sumatran rhinos into ex-situ conservation in order to preserve the species. This program is even considered a disaster by its pemrakarsanya; most of the rhino dies and no offspring are produced for nearly 20 years, thus depicting a population decline that is even worse than its habitat in the wild.

Sumatran Rhino Framework.

The ancestor of the rhinoceros once strayed from other odd-bred animals in Early Eocene. Comparison of mitochondrial DNA suggests that the ancestors of modern rhino were separated from the ancestor of Equidae some 50 million years ago. The surviving family, Rhinocerotidae, first appeared in the Late Eocene in Eurasia, and the ancestral extinct species of rhinos now begin to spread from Asia during the Miocene.


The Sumatran rhino is thought to be at least a hereditary character of a rhinoceros species that still exists today, since its characteristics are more similar to its Miocene ancestors: 13 The paleontological evidence in the fossil record shows the origin of the Dicerorhinus genus from the Early Miocene, between 23-16 million years ago . Many fossils have been classified as the genus Dicerorhinus, but no other new species in this genus. The molecular dating shows the occurrence of Dicerorhinus splits from the other four species that remained at 25.9 ± 1.9 million years ago. Three hypotheses have been proposed regarding the relationship between Sumatran rhinoceros and other extant species. One hypothesis states that the Sumatran rhinoceros is closely related to the white and black rhino in Africa, as evidenced by the existence of a species having two horns instead of one. Other taxonomists consider the Sumatran rhino to be a close relative (sister taxon) of Javan rhinoceros and India, because their distribution overlaps so closely. A third hypothesis, which is based on more recent analysis, suggests that two African rhinoceroses, two Asian rhinoceros and Sumatran rhino represent three essentially different and distinctly different bloodlines since about 25.9 million years ago; it remains unclear which group first deviates.
Because of the morphological similarity, the Sumatran rhinoceros is believed to be closely related to the extinct woolly rhinoceros (Coelodonta antiquitatis). The woolly woolly rhinoceros, so named because of its hair coating as in the Sumatran rhinoceros, first appeared in China; at the time of the Late Pleistocene, the rhinoceros spread throughout the Eurasian continent from Korea to Spain. Woolly rhinoceros survived the last ice age, but just like the woolly mammoths, most or all of them went extinct about 10,000 years ago. Although some morphological studies question the relationship between the two species, recent molecular analyzes support the assumption that both are closely related (sister taxa).

The Cenderawasih

Adult males Cendrawasih Yellow-small,
Paradisaea minor

The Cenderawasih birds are members of the Paradisaeidae family of the Passeriformes order. They are found in eastern Indonesia, Torres strait islands, Papua New Guinea, and eastern Australia. This family bird is known for its male feathers in many types, especially the elongated and elaborate feathers that grow from the beak, wings or head. The size of Cenderawasih birds ranges from Cenderawasih king at 50 grams and 15 cm to Cenderawasih Black-crescent at 110 cm and Cenderawasih manukod crest-rolled at 430 grams.

The most famous Cenderawasih bird is a member of the genus Paradisaea, including its species species, large-yellow Cenderawasih, Paradisaea apoda. This species is described from specimens brought to Europe from trade expeditions. These specimens are prepared by indigenous traders by removing their wings and legs to be used as decoration. This is unknown to the explorers and raises the belief that this bird never landed but remained in the air because of its feathers. This is the origin of the name bird of paradise ('bird of heaven' by the Englishman) and the apoda type name - meaning 'no legs'.

Many species have intricate mating rituals, with the Paradisaea breeding system being the male birds gathering to compete to show their elegance to female birds in order to mate. While other types such as types Cicinnurus and Parotia have a regular marriage dance. Male birds of a sexually dimorphic type are polygamy. Many hybrid birds are described as new species, and some species are questionable in their validity.

The number of eggs is a little less certain. On a large type, it may almost always be one egg. Small types can produce as many as 2-3 eggs (Mackay 1990).

It is reasonable to say that birds of paradise are touted as bird of paradise. How not, the bird that became the mascot of Papua is indeed has a beauty with a beautiful coat color. Because of its colorfulness, the bird of paradise is called a bird from heaven or a bird of paradise. In fact, reportedly because of its beauty is also this bird rarely come down to the ground or often fly in the air and perch on the branches of trees.

The striking color of the cenderawasih feathers is usually a combination of several other colors such as black, brown, orange, yellow, white, blue, red, green, and purple. This bird grows more and more with the presence of elongated and unique feathers that grow from the beak, wings, or head.

This beautifully hairy bird of paradise is usually a stud. The beautiful fur is the capital of male cenderawasih to attract the attention of the female in the breeding season. In addition to showing off the beauty of their fur, male cenderawasih even perform attractive movements similar dance dynamic and beautiful to grab the attention of females. Each type of cenderawasih has different types of dance and attractions. Female Cenderawasih tends to be smaller in color with fur is not as beautiful and as a color cenderawasih male.

The colors that these birds have in heaven vary and become an indicator of their grouping. Birds of paradise are grouped in the Paradisaeidae family; consists of 13 genera and approximately 43 species (types). Its native habitats are in dense forests commonly located in lowland areas and can only be found in eastern Indonesia, especially Torres strait islands, Papua New Guinea and eastern Australia.

Reportedly, Indonesia is a country with the largest number of species of paradise. Allegedly there are approximately 30 species of paradise in Indonesia, 28 species of which can be found in Papua. Cenderawasih bird wire (Seleucidis melanoleuca) is the type that became the mascot or the identity of the Papua Province. In addition to being a Papuan mascot, people in Papua also often use cenderawasih fur as a complement or decoration in their customary clothing.

Because of the beauty of the feathers, the existence of this bird of paradise is increasingly threatened. Wild hunting and fishing for commercial purposes and the destruction of living habitats in the wild are some of the main causes of this scarcity of birds. Even in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, cenderawasih feathers flourished traded as a trend of decorating women's hats in Europe. But now this exotic beautiful bird is categorized as a protected species of animals.

In Indonesia alone, several species of cenderawasih include small yellow cendrawasih, bald cendrawasih, cendrawasih king, red cendrawasih, and toowa has been included in the list of protected species based on Law No. 5 of 1990 and PP No. 7 of 1999. Utilization of cendrawasih feathers still allowed only for the benefit of local people in decorating their customary attire. It is certainly not excessive and fortunately the people of Papua have local wisdom and customs to contribute to preserve this bird.

Here are some types and characteristics of cenderawasih birds.

Lesser bird of paradise (Paradisaea minor)

Lesser bird of paradise (Paradisaea minor)

 Among the many species of cenderawasih, perhaps this bird is the most familiar to most people. This bird has a brownish-red color with a yellow crown and a brownish yellow upper back. This type of bird has an old emerald green throat, a pair of long tails and decorated with yellow and white wings. This bird's native habitat is found throughout most of northern Papua New Guinea's forests as well as nearby islands, such as Misool and Yapen Islands.

Red Cenderawasih or Red bird of paradise (Paradisaea rubra)

Named red cendrawasih because this bird has a dominant color of red blood fur. Other color combinations appear on the face; dark-colored fur, has a kind of emerald-green crown or crest, a beak and a little beneath a bright yellow neck. In the tail there are two long feathers similar to the rope or double ribbon-shaped black ribbon. Cenderawasih red only found in lowland forest, including in Waigeo Island and Batanta, Raja Ampat Regency, West Papua.

Red Cenderawasih

In Sawinggrai Village located in the Meos Mansar District, red cenderawasih is a typical icon of this small village. In the village, you can watch this type of bird in the native habitat performing dancing attractions at certain hours, ie in the morning and evening in the breeding season.

Lawes's Parotia (Parotia Lawesii)

Lawes's Parotia (Parotia Lawesii)

 At first glance this kind of male bird posture similar to the kneeut, only it is black with white forehead and dark blue eyes. The nape is blue; a little at the top of the chest (starting from below the beak) colored blend of green and gold. The striking feature of this type of bird is that there are three elongated feathers that grow from the tip of each eye (each 3 strands). Meanwhile, the female bird is brown and the eyes are dark yellow.

King of Saxony bird of paradise (Pteridophora alberti)

King of Saxony bird of paradise (Pteridophora alberti)

King of Saxony bird of paradise is a type of birds who are small pengkau because it has a length of approximately 22 cm. Male birds are black and yellow. The coat and back of her coat grow elongated like a black hood. On the part from chest to stomach yellowish white. The iris of his eyes is dark brown and the beak is black with the inside of the mouth green in the sea. What makes it attractive and exotic is the presence of two strands of shiny, shimmery blue wire that grow from the face. The length can reach 40 cm, as if not balanced with his small body.

While the female bird is gray-brown with dark lines and spots. Female birds do not "wear" coats and do not have elongated wire feathers. Female birds are smaller than male birds.

Wilson's bird of paradise (Cicinnurus respublica)

Wilson's bird of paradise (Cicinnurus respublica)

 Male Wilson's Bird of Paradise is a small size of approximately 21 cm is a color of blood red and black. He "wore" a bright little yellow robe at the nape of the nape. On the head, he seemed to wear a sky-blue headdress, a little lighter than the color of his feet are also blue. In addition to an interesting blend of color, the uniqueness of this bird is to have two purple tail feathers and a curved shape similar to tendrils. While the female bird has a brownish color and blue crown.

In addition to the birds on the cenderawasih, there are many other types with different colors and variations of feathers and not less beautiful. May the birds of this paradise not be a kind of fairy tale for future generations because of human irresponsible acts that threaten its sustainability.

The Animal Komodo

Varanus komodoensis

Komodo dragons or Komodo dragons (Varanus komodoensis) is the largest species of lizard in the world that lives on the islands of Komodo, Rinca, Flores, Gili Motang, and Gili Dasami in Nusa Tenggara.Komodo this by the native island of Komodo also called by the local name ora.

Including members of the Varanidae lizard family, and klad Toxicofera, komodo is the largest lizard in the world, with an average length of 2-3 m. This large size is associated with island gigantism, which is the tendency of meraksasanya body of certain animals that live on the small island associated with the absence of carnivorous mammals on the island where the life of the dragons, and the rate of small Komodo metabolism. Because of its large body, this lizard occupies the position of the top predator that dominates the ecosystem where he lives.

His big body and terrible reputation make them popular at the zoo. The habitat of dragons in the wild has dwindled by human activity and hence IUCN incorporates Komodo as a species susceptible to extinction. The large lizard is now protected under Indonesian government regulations and a national park, Komodo National Park, was established to protect them.

The mating season occurs between May and August

The mating season occurs between May and August, and Komodo dragons are laid in September. During this period, the male dragons fought to defend the females and their territories by "wrestling" with other males while standing on their hind legs. The losing Komodo will fall and "locked" to the ground. Both dragons can vomit or defecate when preparing for combat.The winner of the battle will flick his long tongue on the female's body to see her acceptance. Female dragons are antagonistic and fight with their teeth and claws during the early phase of pairs. Furthermore, the males must fully control the female during intercourse so as not to get hurt. Another behavior that is shown during this process is that males rub their chin on the female, scratching hard on their backs and licking. Copulation occurs when the males enter one of the hemipenisnya into the female cloaca. Komodo dragons can be monogamous and form "pairs," a rare trait for lizards.The females will lay their eggs in the pit, scratch the cliff of a hill or mound of an abandoned orange-footed nest. Komodo prefer to keep the eggs in the nest that has been abandoned. An average Komodo dragon contains 20 eggs that will hatch after 7-8 months. The female lies on the eggs to incubate and protect her until they hatch around April, at the end of the rainy season when there are so many insects.The hatching process is an exhausting effort for the Komodo dragon, which comes out of the egg shell after tearing it with an egg tooth that will be dated after the heavy work is done. After successfully tearing the eggshell, baby dragons can lie on their egg shells for several hours before starting digging out their nests. When hatching, these babies are less powerful and predator-prone.Young Komodo dragons spend their first years on trees, where they are relatively safe from predators, including from the cannibalized cannibal dragons, of which about 10% of the food is young lizards that are successfully hunted. Komodo takes three to five years to become an adult, and can live more than 50 years.In addition to the normal reproductive process, there are several examples of cases of female dragons producing children without the presence of males (parthenogenesis), a phenomenon also known to occur in some other reptile species such as Cnemidophorus.

Komodo was first documented by Europeans in 1910. Its name expanded after 1912, when Pieter Antonie Ouwens, director of the Zoology Museum in Buitenzorg (now Bogor), published a paper on dragons after receiving photographs and skins of these reptiles. Later on, the Komodo dragons were the driving force for the expedition to Komodo Island by W. Douglas Burden in 1926. After returning with 12 preserved specimens and 2 live dragons, this expedition inspired King Kong's 1933 film. W. Douglas Burden was a person the first to give the name "Komodo dragon" to this animal. Three of the specimens of the Komodo dragons that were acquired were reshaped into animal displays and are still preserved in the American Museum of Natural History.

Indonesia Rupiah Coins with Komodo Drawings

 The evolution of the Komodo dragon began with the Varanus clan, which emerged in Asia some 40 million years ago and then migrated to Australia. About 15 million years ago, the encounter of the continents of Australia and Southeast Asia allowed the lizards to move into what is now Indonesia. Komodo dragons are believed to have evolved from their Australian ancestors some 4 million years ago, and have expanded their territory eastward as far as Timor. Changes in sea level since the Ice Age have made Komodo dragons limited to their current distribution area.
Komodo dragons are carnivorous animals. Although they mostly eat carcass, research shows that they also hunt live prey by sneaking followed by a sudden attack on the victim. When the prey comes near the hiding place of the dragons, the animal immediately attacks it on the underside of the body or throat. Komodo dragons can find their prey by using a keen sense of smell, which can find dead or dying animals at a distance of up to 9.5 kilometers. The young dragons in Rinca eat the carcass of a carcass.This ancient reptile ate by tearing away large chunks of meat and then swallowing it round while its front legs held its prey. For small to large prey to goats, it could be the meat is consumed once a swallow. The contents of the prey in the form of plants are usually left untouched.Salads are reddish and come out in large quantities very help dragons in swallowing prey. However, the process of swallowing still takes a long time; 15-20 minutes is needed to swallow a goat. Komodo sometimes try to speed up the process of swallowing it by emphasizing the carcass of its prey to a tree, so that the carcass can enter through the esophagus. And sometimes the pressure was so hard that the tree fell.To avoid getting choked when swallowing, the dragon breathes through a small channel under the tongue, which is directly related to the lungs. Its jaws can be developed freely, its flexible skull, and its incredibly stretchy stomach allows the Komodo dragon to eat large prey, up to 80% of its own body weight in a single meal.After a meal, dragons walk dragging his body that satiates in search of sunlight to sunbathe and speed up the process of digestion. Otherwise, the food can rot in his stomach and poison his own body. Due to its sluggish metabolism, large dragons can survive by eating only 12 times a year or about once a month.After the prey's meat is digested, the Komodo drum spews the remains of horns, hair and teeth of its prey, in clumps mixed with sour smelling mucus, which lumps are known as gastric pellets. After that dragons sweep his face to the ground or to the bushes to clean up the remnants of mucus that is still attached, the behavior that raises the notion that dragons, like humans, do not like the smell of saliva itself.In the collection, the largest dragons usually eat first, followed by smaller ones according to the hierarchy. The largest males show their dominance through body language and hiss; who was welcomed in the same language by other smaller males to show his confession of that power. Komodo of the same size will probably fight against powers, by way of some kind of wrestling lizards, until one of them admits defeat and retreat; though sometimes losers can be killed in a fight and preyed on by the winner.Komodo dragon macaques vary widely, including a variety of invertebrates, other reptiles (including smaller, smaller), birds and eggs, small mammals, monkeys, wild pigs, goats, deer, horses and buffalo. Young Komodo prey on insects, eggs, lizards, and small mammals. Sometimes dragons also prey on humans and corpses dug from shallow grave holes. This habit caused the inhabitants of Komodo Island to avoid sandy soil and chose to bury the corpse in clay, and covered it with stones to keep from being dragged.Others suspect that the Komodo dragon evolved to prey on Stegodon dwarf elephants that once lived on Flores. Komodo dragons have also been observed when shocking and frightening pregnant female deer, in the hope that the miscarriage and carcass of the fetus may be preyed, a behavior that is also found in large predators in Africa.Because it does not have a body cavity, dragons can not breathe water or lick water for drinking (like a cat). Instead, Komodo dragged 'water with all its mouth, then lifted its head for water to flow into its stomach.
moso can I review the article kodo animals 
note :
 some of these files I quoted a bit from:
 https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komodo